Plenty of things keep parents up at night. I can only think of a few that elicit more confusion to a parent and render them helpless than when they discover that their child is self-harming. Self-harm is confusing to many. Simply defined, self-harm is the deliberate, self-inflicted destruction of body tissue. Although most commonly associated with the term “cutting,” self-harm includes behaviors such as scratching, burning, carving of the skin, painful hair pulling, swallowing toxic substances, and head banging.
Self-harm isn’t just a youth issue. It affects all people regardless of age, gender, race, and class. However, self-harming is a big problem for kids and teenagers. According to a 2018 study of over 64,000 U.S. teens, 18 percent had self-harmed in the past year, and the rate for teenage girls is steadily increasing. Sadly, one study found that the biggest increase was among younger girls between 10-year-olds and 14-year-olds.
As a parent, attempting to wrap one’s mind around self-harm is tough. Here are a few questions and answers that might help.
Why do kids and teens self-harm?
For many, the thought of deliberately inflicting pain on one’s own person seems incomprehensible. Even unnatural. However, when you think about the basics of human needs, it might make a little more sense. When people are hurting, they try to find ways to no longer hurt. Individuals who self-harm are attempting to control or manage painfully negative thoughts or overwhelming emotions with the resources at their disposal.
For kids who self-harm, physical pain often covers up emotional pain.
When a person self-harms, a natural chemical called endorphins gets released and helps the body to manage any pain. The endorphins generate a high feeling intended to buffer any physical pain (think of a “runner’s high”). This release of endorphins is what makes self-harming dangerously addictive, making it incredibly tempting for your kid or teen to return to self-harm when life gets really rough.
Here’s the thing about self-harm: It is also used to disrupt feelings of numbness. Many of the kids who I counsel disclosed that self-harming helped them to “feel something rather than nothing.” One middle schooler tearfully shared, “When I cut, I don’t feel so empty or so dark.”
The problem is that self-harm provides an immediate (but temporary) release without addressing the solutions to the problem that led to self-harming in the first place.
Who self-harms?
Self-harm is most common among younger teens and girls. It is not as prevalent for girls under the age of 12—but as previously mentioned, the numbers are increasing. The steady increase is related to an increased prevalence of depression among adolescent females. The frequency varies. Some kids or teens self-harm daily, while others go for weeks, even months or years without an episode or even an urge.
And while studies show that self-harm is not directly linked to suicide, as a therapist when I hear of a kid or teen self-harming even once, I jump to immediate attention! The reason is this: Even when suicide is not the intention, the emotions that kid experiences when self-harming can be powerful enough—and the release can be addictive enough—to drive future, and potentially more lethal, episodes.
What makes a kid or teen self-harm?
Self-harm is the result of a complex interchange between genetic, biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors. Often, I hear from my clients, particularly adolescent females, that relationship conflicts (particularly those with family members and/or romantic partners) are the frequent driver of self-harming urges.
Events such as loss, separation, bullying, and rejection, and having a history of abuse or trauma can also increase the risk of self-harm. Other self-harming contributors include perfectionism, feelings of shame, social isolation, impulsivity, hopelessness, and perceiving oneself a burden.
The peculiar thing about self-harm in youth is that it often has a “contagious” component. Therefore, exposure to peers or social media personalities who self-harm can have a strong impact on kids or teens who are already struggling emotionally.
What can parents do to help?
- Encourage kids to feel their feelings. Some kids who self-harm grow up in environments where they were teased or dismissed for expressing strong emotions such as hurt or sadness. Consequently, these kids may turn to self-harm as an “acceptable” way to manage distress rather than risk being invalidated or discouraged from expressing “negative feelings.” Kids who exhibit poor emotional regulation skills are more vulnerable to self-harm. If your child is self-harming, listen attentively and offer support. Try not to overreact. Consider introducing emotional intelligence skills. I find that my clients who learn to recognize and identify their feelings are much better at expressing and managing them. I use the feelings wheel at the beginning of almost every session with my clients (kids and adults). If you are looking for a feelings wheel to use at home, check this one out.
- Demonstrate love and care: Interestingly, a 2012 study found that self-criticism is strongly linked to self-harm. In other behaviors—like drinking, substance use, or eating disorders—the link was not as strong. Conversely, strong attachments to family members and friends protect against self-harm. One study indicated that 24 percent of the participants who previously self-harmed stopped because they felt someone loved or cared for them. This finding is so refreshing! It’s critical to express love and to offer hope. Remind your child to lay even this before God, and trust Him to give the strength needed to overcome. One helpful passage of Scripture is, “Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you” (1 Peter 5:7 NIV).
Here are a few other things you can encourage your child to do:
- Connect with close friends and family.
- Engage in healthy activities: Listening to music, going for a jog, having a good cry, or journaling.
- Expressing gratitude is one of the most powerful antidotes to sadness and despair.
- Get professional support. If you discover your kid or teen is self-harming, it’s important to seek professional support. It’s normal for your child to push back or avoid talking about it. But, exploring the thoughts and feelings that make him or her want to self-harm is a significant part of getting better. Depending on the duration, frequency, and severity of your child’s episodes, treatment may involve a combination of psychotherapy and/or pharmacological interventions. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) are two research-based approaches. Treatment options vary, but the most effective treatments focus on understanding the reasons for self-injury, and also teach your son or daughter more effective ways of coping with his or her problems.
The above content was republished with permission from ParentCue.
AUTHOR:
Dr. Chinwe Willia
Dr. Chinwé Williams is a Board-Certified and Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in the state of Georgia. She has served as a school counselor, counselor supervisor, and an executive coach. Her expertise lies in the areas of trauma recovery, enhancing resilience, and adolescent and young adult wellness.